Mieloma múltiple: fisiopatología y diagnóstico, revisión bibliográfica

Abstract

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell dyscrasia characterized by monoclonal components, resulting in bone marrow infiltration that compromises the patient's general condition. Multiple myeloma accounts for 10–15% of all hematopoietic neoplasms and is more prevalent in males. It arises from a combination of risk factors along with various primary and secondary genetic alterations that contribute to malignant transformation through mutations. These include disruptions in cell interactions and signaling pathways that facilitate the survival of abnormal plasma cells, leading to the transformation of bone marrow into a tumor microenvironment. In MM, assessing the monoclonal component is fundamental for diagnosis, prognosis, and follow-up, serving as a marker for tumor production. This assessment can be complemented with other tests such as flow cytometry and cytogenetic techniques. This literature review provides a synthesis of the evolution of multiple myeloma and the principal laboratory techniques that can be used for its diagnosis.